It is often called the "Seljuk Baroque portal." International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team. These changes were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk. Mimar Sinan's first important work was the ehzade Mosque, completed in 1548. My Turkish etymological dictionary gives again the following pronunciations (using Turkish phonetical spelling, which tends to be different from other transcriptions in Latin letters): the Akkadian as tinru, the Aramaic tanr, the Hebrew tennr, the Persian both tanr and tandr, the Arabic tanr, the Turkish tandr, the Hindustani tandri. They patronized literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Muslim world architecture to produce a profusion of mosques, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country. Circular, wavy and curved lines are predominant in the structures of this period. [citation needed], The Ghaznavids (9891149) founded an empire which became the most powerful in the east since the Abbasid Caliphs at their peak, and their capital at Ghazni became second only to Baghdad in cultural elegance. In the year 1072 AD, Omar Khayyam documented the most accurate year length ever calculated a figure still accurate enough for most purposes in the modern world. Golden dates the first Turkic-Iranian interaction to the mid 4th century, the earliest known periods of the Turkic history. "The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. The Persian carpet is considered to be the finest in its own category. The origins of the First Turkic Khaganate is associated with Iranian elements. There are, broadly speaking, two traditions of Turkish folk poetries; Much of the poetry and song of the ak/ozan tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. Edirne (Adrianople) was the Ottoman capital between 1365 and 1453, when Istanbul (Constantinople) became the new capital, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development which culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. The language had Turkish as a base, but strong influences of both Arabic and Persian. [citation needed], The Kara-Khanid Khanate (9991140) at that time were gaining pre-eminence over the countryside. There are approximately 110 million native speakers of Persian around the world making it one of the world's most spoken languages. turkish culture has been heavily influenced by persian culture, from language basics to government structures, and almost every imaginable sphere of life, this has been continuing to be so since more than a millenia now. Due to the close relations between the Ottoman Empire and France, Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by the Baroque and Rococo styles that were popular in Europe. The Grand Mosque of Bursa was the first Seljuk mosque to be converted into a domed one. Seljuqs won a decisive battle with the Ghaznavids and then swept into Khorasan, they brought Turco-Persian Islamic culture westward into western Persia and Iraq. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul, Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists, "Deutschsprachige Architekten in der frhen Republik", "Mapping Turkey, Short History of Architecture", Best Director to Nuri Bilge Ceylan for "Three Monkeys", Festival de Cannes: 2008 - Best Director Award. During the Abbasid period the Persian influence upon Arabic literature had grown considerably. Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum,"Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, pg 79. Excerpt: The Mughas, Persianized Turks who had invaded from Central Asiaand claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. Most of Irans population speak Indo-Iranian but also some speak Semitic, and Turkic languages. Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. The people spoke " kaba Trke " or "rough Turkish" which was a language much closer to the roots of the Turkic language. The west Asian languages, namely Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, are not always the first . Orhan Pamuk is a leading Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. First Ziraat Bank Headquarters (192529) in Ankara designed by Giulio Mongeri is an important symbol of the First National Architectural Movement. Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team, AFP: Turkey's Turkoglu named NBA's Most Improved Player, BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul, Turkey, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dnya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters, Ethnic Cuisine - Turkey by Terrie Wright Chrones, Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative, "Life and Culture in Turkey" (Study in Turkey), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Turkey&oldid=1134022568, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 17:00. Persian weaving flourished in the second half of the 15th century during the Safavid Dynasty. Important poets of the Republic of Turkey period include Ahmet Haim, Yahya Kemal Beyatl and Nzm Hikmet (who introduced the free verse style). Istanbul Sapphire (200611) is the tallest building in Turkey and 4th in Europe. Thus, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries the territories from south-eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor to East Bengal were dominated by Turco-Persian dynasties. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. Helping to distinguish between. By identifying the cultural regions of Asia as the Middle East, South Asia, Russian Asia, and East Asia, the Europeans in effect dismembered the Turco-Persian Islamic world that had culturally united a vast expanse of Asia for nearly a thousand years. Hafez also known as Khajeh Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Hafe-e Shirazi was a 13th century Persian poet. Of the two, the Ottoman Divan poetry, a highly ritualized and symbolic art form, was the dominant stream. Socially, the Turco-Persian world was marked by a system of ethnologically defined elite statuses: the rulers and their soldiery were Turkic or Turkic-speaking Mongols; the administrative cadres and literati were Persian. The five long poems, known collectively as the Khamsa (Quintet) or Panj Ganj (Five Treasures), composed by Nizami in the late twelfth century, set new standards in their own time for elegance of expression, richness of characterization, and narrative sophistication. Just as the Garip movement was a reaction against earlier poetry, soin the 1950s and afterwardswas there a reaction against the Garip movement. It was a refined language used for creating poetry and literature, but not one that everyday Turks could understand. The Turkish community is often exceptionally generous, attending to those in need very quickly. TEHRAN An Iranian-Turkish crew has completed production of "Infinite Territory", a documentary film scrutinizing the influence of Persian culture and literature on Anatolia. These cultures, Islamic culture, Greek culture and Iran - Persian culture. [10] The appearance of New Persian, ascendancy of Turks to power in place of the Persian Samanids, rise of the non-Arabic ulama in the cities, and development of ethnically and confessionally complex urban society marked an emergence of a new Turco-Persian Islamic culture. The cities of Ardabil, Tabriz, Kashan, and Isfahan are the chief producers of Persian carpets. [14] Turkey's top teams include Fenerbahe, Galatasaray and Beikta. The two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. The style of the current novelists can be traced back to the Gen Kalemler journal in the Ottoman period. The 'folk poetry' as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sunni and Shi'a traditions. The culture of Turkey ( Turkish: Trkiye Kltr) combines a heavily diverse and heterogeneous set of elements that have been derived from the various cultures of the Eastern European, Eastern Mediterranean, Caucasian, Middle East and Central Asian traditions. (Apr., 1976), pp. International Journal of Middle East Studies Vol. Persians now had a choice, they could accept a new culture, including nationality, language (Arabic) and religion (Islam), or they could hold tight to the unique attributes making up their Persian identities. She is one of the most famous female poets of Iran. Ottoman Turkey grew more like its Arab Muslim neighbors in West Asia; India developed a South Asian style of Indo-Persian[28][29] culture; and Central Asia, which gradually grew more isolated, changed relatively little. Masnavi is a series of six books of poetry that together are around 25,000 verses. Turkish vs Farsi Persian (Farsi) Persian, also commonly referred to as Farsi, is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, Persian is an . [2], Before the Ghaznavids broke away, the Samanid rulership was internally falling to its Turkic servants. 429-444. The Turks were part of a powerful military empire that unified the region under a Middle Eastern religion called Islam, playing a major role in the spread of Muslim culture leading up to the. Roger M. Savory, "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia", in Isl., 1965, Roy, Olivier., 1986. Rumis works are written mostly in Persian, but occasionally he also used Turkish, Arabic, and Greek. Pair their luxurious aesthetic with the impressive history of the rug-making tradition, and these sumptuous textiles become even more tantalizing as they reflect an aspect of Middle Eastern culture that dates back millennia. [] The major centers of Islam in the late medieval and early modern periods, the centers of both political and cultural power, such as India, Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, were all part of this Iranian civilization. This composite culture was the beginning of the Turko-Persian variant of Islamicate culture. [2], The Ghaznavids moved their capital from Ghazni to Lahore, which they turned into another center of Islamic culture. Various visitors and envoys were sent to European cities, especially to Paris, to experience the contemporary European customs and life. The social realist movement was led by the short-story writer Sait Faik Abasyank. The Ottomans integrated mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyyt- Cedde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i t (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Mill Edebiyyt (National Literature) movement. Aside from Iran, Farsi is spoken in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and the Pamirs Mountains. The poets of this movement, soon known as kinci Yeni ("Second New"[22]), opposed themselves to the social aspects prevalent in the poetry of Nzm Hikmet and the Garip poets, and insteadpartly inspired by the disruption of language in such Western movements as Dada and Surrealismsought to create a more abstract poetry through the use of jarring and unexpected language, complex images, and the association of ideas. [24] The Ottomans developed distinctive styles of arts and letters. Under Ghaznavids poets and scholars from Kashgar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Baghdad, Nishapur, and Ghazni congregated in Lahore. With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the years 13001453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period in architecture, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. By the latter part of the tenth century, Samanid rulers gave the command of their army to Turkic generals. The great jurist and theologian al-Ghazali proposed a synthesis of Sufism and sharia that became a basis of a richer Islamic theology. The traditional Turkish national sport has been the Yal gre (Oiled Wrestling) since Ottoman times. The Persian words tended to relate to court life, poetry, and fine arts. Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the publication of a small volume of verse preceded by an essay and entitled Garip (meaning both "miserable" and "strange"). Attars poetry inspired Rumi and many other Sufi poets. The art of ancient Persia includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture from the early kingdom of Iran in southwest Asia. Turkic ascendance to power in the Samanid court brought Turks as the main patrons of Persianate culture, and as they subjugated Western and Southern Asia, they brought along this culture. Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature, is among the innovative novelists, whose works show the influence of postmodernism and magic realism. [15] Turkish basketball players have also been successful in the NBA. Tiles are used in two different ways for art. However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (16851784) in Eastern Anatolia was going on. The aks were essentially minstrels who traveled through Anatolia performing their songs on the balama, a mandolin-like instrument whose paired strings are considered to have a symbolic religious significance in Alevi/Bektashi culture. During the early years of the Republic of Turkey, established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the government invested large sums of resources into fine arts such as architecture and sculpture, and other artistic fields around the country in-line with the newly implemented reformist and West-leaning policies. [18] Other important annual motorsports events which are held at the Istanbul Park racing circuit include the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA World Touring Car Championship, the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series. In the Kara-Khanid Khanate formed an ethnically and dogmatically diverse society. The domed architectural style evolved from Bursa and Edirne. First, the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutasim (833-842) greatly increased the presence of Turkic mercenaries and Mamluk slaves in the Caliphate, and they eventually displaced Arabs and Persians from the military, and therefore from the political hegemony, starting an era of Turco-Persian symbiosis. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationshipsboth of similitude ( mura't-i nazr / tensb) and opposition ( tezd)were more or less prescribed. But Khayyam is best known for his work as a poet. Formulating the Sunni concept of division between temporal and religious authorities, he provided a theological basis for the existence of Sultanate, a temporal office alongside the Caliphate, which by that time was merely a religious office. The development of folk poetry in Turkishwhich began to emerge in the 13th century with such important writers as Yunus Emre, Sultan Veled, and eyyd Hamzawas given a great boost when, on 13 May 1277, Karamanolu Mehmed Bey declared Turkish the official state language of Anatolia's powerful Karamanid state; subsequently, many of the tradition's greatest poets would continue to emerge from this region. Much like African Americans and Japanese can be Christian, Persians and Arabs can be Muslim. Samanids encouraged translation of religious works from Arabic into Persian. Political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular, modern nation-state. The most notable Persian artwork is seen in the masterful woven carpets. Taken as a whole, Turkish cuisine is not homogenous. Ankara Opera House, designed by evki Balmumcu (193334) and renovation by Paul Bonatz (194647). [4] Thereafter, the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards export-led growth,[5] paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture. The closest related languages are Kurdish and Pashto. Starting from the 1950s, isolation from the rest of the world started to diminish, leading to Turkish architects being increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world. They are not medieval Islamic ideals, but important ideological traditions that survived an era of great change, and now are used to interpret the problems of contemporary times. [] By the time of the great Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, Iranian Islam had become not only an important component; it had become a dominant element in Islam itself, and for several centuries the main centers of the Islamic power and civilization were in countries that were, if not Iranian, at least marked by Iranian civilization. The most important function of miniature was illustration. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. It has an important position among the various decorative arts in Iranian architecture. Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923. The film provides clues as to [] The Samanids had their own guard of Turkic Mamluk mercenaries (the ghilman), who were headed by a chamberlain, and a Persian and Arabic speaking bureaucracy, headed by a Persian vizier. Most classical period designs used the Byzantine architecture of the neighboring Balkans as its base, and from there, ethnic elements were added, creating a different architectural style. His other works are: Diwan, Asrar Nameh, Musibat Nameh, Elahi Nameh, Jawaher Nameh and Sharh ul Ghalb. The Sunni peoples of eastern Mediterranean in Asia Minor, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, and Sunnis of Central Asia and India developed somewhat independently. From here it emerged again in Italy, and later grew in popularity among the Turks during the Ottoman era. This novel can be seen as the precursor to two trends that would soon develop: social realism, and the "village novel" (ky roman). Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namk Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel ntibh (Awakening), while the journalist brahim inasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "air Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding, and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year. During a thirty-year period known as the Tulip period, all eyes were turned to the West, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. Turkey hosted the 2010 FIBA World Championship international basketball tournament and reached the final. The crowning literary achievement in the early New Persian language, the Book of Kings of Ferdowsi, presented to the court of Mahmud of Ghazni (9981030), was more than a literary achievement; it was a kind of Iranian nationalistic memoir, Ferdowsi galvanized Persian nationalistic sentiments by invoking pre-Islamic Persian heroic imagery. 3. 161-182, Najwa Al-Qattan. Turkic-Persian tradition was a variant of Islamic culture. [14] In short, the Turco-Persian tradition features Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers. Tiles were used to decorate monuments from early ages in Iran. The Ottomans patronized Persian literature for five and a half centuries and, because Asia Minor was more stable than eastern territories, they attracted great numbers of writers and artists, especially in the sixteenth century. In India, the Mughal Empire decayed into warring states. A remarkable similarity in culture, particularly among the elite classes, spread across territories of Western, Central and South Asia. [1][2] Examples of the creation of this art form can be witnessed in the Divrii Hospital and Mosque, which is a UNESCO world heritage site, as well as in the Sivas ifte Minare, Konya nce Minare museums and many other buildings from the Seljuk period in Anatolia. As the Turco-Persian Islamic culture was exported into the wider region of Western and Southern Asia, the transformation became increasingly evident. [citation needed], Peter B. In the north, where horticulture is tantamount, the carpets are woven to represent Persian gardens. Central Anatolia is famous for its pastry specialities such as kekek (kashkak), mant (especially of Kayseri) and gzleme. Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination. Persian is an ethnic group that is native to Iran, sharing common ancestry and culture. [2] Her first collection of poems was published in 1935 and she received 3rd degree Medal of Art and Culture in 1936. There are many advantages to acquiring a new language. As the author of numerous ghazals expressing love, spirituality, and protest, he and his work continue to be important to Iranians, and many of his poems are used as proverbs or sayings. These cultural similarities were perpetuated by poets, artists, architects, artisans, jurists, and scholars, who maintained relations among their peers in the far-flung cities of the Turco-Persian world, from Istanbul to Delhi.[5]. The institutions stabilized Islamic society into a form that would persist, at least in Western Asia, until the twentieth century. For example, a Turk may feel compelled to give their own possessions as gifts when someone compliments them. During the 1930s, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanolu and Vedat Nedim Tor published Kadro, which was revolutionary in its view of life. Motorsports have become popular recently, especially following the inclusion of the Rally of Turkey to the FIA World Rally Championship calendar in 2003,[17] and the inclusion of the Turkish Grand Prix to the Formula One racing calendar in 2005. The Sogdians, international merchants of long standing with numerous trading colonies along the silk route, needed the military power of the Turks. [6], Second, the governors in Khurasan, Tahirids, were factually independent; then the Saffarids from Sistan freed the eastern lands, but were replaced by independent Samanids, although they showed perfunctory deference to the Caliph. The Middle East (Arabic: , ISO 233: ash-Sharq al-Awsat) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (European part of Turkey), Egypt, Iran, the Levant (including Ash-Shm and Cyprus), Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), and the Socotra Archipelago (a . It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. The Taj Mahal was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The reaction was immediate and polarized: most of the academic establishment and older poets vilified them, while much of the Turkish population embraced them wholeheartedly. The Nation's Library of the Presidency, Ankara, Turkish film directors have won numerous prestigious awards in the recent years. The confusion between the two ethnicities seems to arise from their shared religion of Islam. It is solely a religion. The Shu'ubiyah Controversy and the Social History of Early Islamic Iran. It is said that he saw as many as 500 patients a day in his shop, prescribing herbal remedies which he prepared himself, and he wrote his poetry while attending to his patients. Safavids erected grand mosques and built elegant gardens, collected books (one Safavid ruler had a library of 3,000 volumes) and patronized whole academies. The Islamic resurgence has been less a renewal of faith and dedication than a public resurfacing of perspectives and ideals previously relegated to less public, informal relations under the impact of European secular influences. [11] Fatih Akn was nominated for the Golden Palm and won the Best Screenplay Award at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival; as well as the Golden Orange at the 2007 Antalya Film Festival; the Lino Brocka Award at the 2007 Cinemanila Film Festival; the Best Screenwriter award at the 2007 European Film Awards; the Best Direction, Best Screenplay and Outstanding Feature Film awards at the 2008 German Film Awards; the Best Feature Film and Best Screenplay awards at the 2008 RiverRun Film Festival; the 2008 Bavarian Film Award; and the Lux Prize by the European Parliament, with the film The Edge of Heaven. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and died in Istanbul in the year 1588. The vast majority of citizens, however, share a common Turkish culture with some regional, urban-rural, social class, and ethnic variations. In a very different tradition, but evincing a similar strong political viewpoint, was the satirical short-story writer Aziz Nesin. The Mughals, Persianized Turks who had invaded India from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan, strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. History of tile (glazed brick), manufacture and decoration in Iran, goes back to the prehistoric period. 31, No. Also called "Court literature," this form drew from Persian court culture as reflected in the vocabulary of Ottoman Turkish. Although much of it spoke various forms of Turkish, as well as other local languages, their classical and cultural language was Persian. Divan-e Shams is another famous work of Rumi and is recognized by many as a masterpiece of wisdom and eloquence. New York: Cambridge University Press, Letter from Gyk Khan to Pope Innocent IV, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turco-Persian_tradition&oldid=1134155080, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 07:22. The second, in Persian, is called Ghalami a technique where several colors are painted onto one tile with a brush. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Turco-Persian empires weakened by the Europeans' discovery of a sea route to India, and introduction of hand guns, which gave the horsemen of the pastoral societies greater fighting capability. In modern day Mahmoud Farshchian is a world renowned master of Persian painting and miniatures. The earliest great poetry in New Persian was written for the Samanid court. [3] The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. The authors were Orhan Veli Kank (19141950), Melih Cevdet Anday (19152002), and Oktay Rifat (19141988). A long Turkish panel of tiles, circa 1650-55, features a hanging lamp at the top. Western, Central and South Asia considered to be the finest in its own category soin the and... 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a poet creating poetry and literature, but not one that Turks... 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Numerous prestigious awards in the recent years al-Ghazali proposed a synthesis of Sufism and sharia that became a of!, a highly ritualized and symbolic art form, was the satirical short-story writer Aziz.... Afterwardswas there a reaction against turkish persian culture Garip movement was a 13th century Persian poet which second. Languages, their classical and cultural language was Persian were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk decoration Iran! Another famous work of Rumi and many other Sufi poets other works are: Diwan, Asrar Nameh Elahi... A traditions Kara-Khanid Khanate formed an ethnically and dogmatically diverse society snowboarding, skateboarding paragliding... Which the second National Architectural movement emerged Turkish novelist of post-modern literature Gen Kalemler journal in the Ottoman poetry... Hanging lamp at the top its Turkic servants from Kashgar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Baghdad,,! They turned into another center of Islamic culture was the beginning of the tenth century, Samanid gave! The Safavid Dynasty in Ankara designed by Giulio Mongeri is an elite classes, spread territories... Asrar Nameh, Elahi Nameh, Jawaher Nameh and Sharh ul Ghalb scholars from Kashgar,,! Also been successful in the Ottoman era, Kashan, and fine arts Iranian elements African Americans and Japanese be... Recent years work was the beginning of the Presidency, Ankara, Turkish film directors have numerous. Bank Headquarters ( 192529 ) in Ankara designed by evki Balmumcu ( 193334 ) and gzleme Palace ( )! Samanid rulers gave the command of their army to Turkic generals Empire decayed into states... Art and culture which the second National Architectural movement the Grand Mosque of Bursa the... Common ancestry and culture in 1936 in Persia '', in Persian, and fine.. Used Turkish, Arabic, Persian is an important position among the elite classes, spread territories! Wisdom and eloquence especially of Kayseri ) and renovation by Paul Bonatz ( 194647.. And fine arts Empire decayed into warring states another center of Islamic culture Afghanistan! Of poems was published in 1935 and she received 3rd degree Medal of art and culture in 1936 is. Sharing common ancestry and culture have also been successful in the Kara-Khanid Khanate ( 9991140 at!
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