However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara, and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. 663highland (CC BY-SA) Periode Heian dalam sejarah Jepang mencakup tahun 794 sampai 1185 Masehi dan menjadi saksi perkembangan hebat kebudayaan Jepang mulai dari kesusatraan dan seni lukis. Unfortunately, many depictions of technical subjects in literature, film, and television are pure fiction. Updates? The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error. It is considered Japan's "Golden Age," a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. [22] The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater "organizational dynamism".[22]. [8] Despite the decline of the TaikaTaih reforms, imperial government was vigorous during the early Heian period. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Minamoto clan. The writing of Chinese prose and verse was popular among scholars, and great respect for Chinese customs was shown in the daily lives of the aristocracy. Whereas the culture of the Nara and Heian periods had been largely shaped by emperors, courtiers, and monks, and that of the Kamakura period by the interaction between an old nobility and a new warrior elite, the culture of the Muromachi period drew on the intelligence, vision, experience, and patronage of all sectors of society. During the Heian period, the new capital, Heian or Heian-ky, was the city known today as Kyoto. Even at court the emperor, although still important and still considered divine, became sidelined by powerful bureaucrats who all came from one family: the Fujiwara clan. Central control of Japan had continued to decline, and the Fujiwara, along with other great families and religious foundations, acquired ever larger shen and greater wealth during the early tenth century. Known for its rich history, amazing technology, and colourful culture, Japan has evolved over many centuries. Heian Period. This was the typical pattern of a noble's estate in the capital, and was doubtlessly duplicated in the provinces. Art, culture, and the collapse of imperial power.Amaterasu shirt: https://teespring.com/wear-amaterasuPLEASE SUPPORT ME, NEED FOOD =)PAT. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. However, sporadic trade and cultural exchanges continued with China, as before. ): Courtly refinement and poetic expression. He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary, including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples, Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji. Chinese influence slowed and eventually stopped during this period and Japan began to develop its own culture. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would . The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which . Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. There were also practical political repercussions as the large estate owners became more remote from the land they owned, many of them actually residing at court in Heiankyo. The Heian period took place during 794-1185 AC. . Neither post had been foreseen by the ritsury system, which was based on the principle of direct rule by the emperor. Corrections? The Heian period began in 794 when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-ky. What was the Heian period quizlet? Books came too, a catalogue dating to 891 CE lists more than 1,700 Chinese titles made available in Japan which cover history, poetry, court protocols, medicine, laws, and Confucian classics. Heian period, in Japanese history, the period between 794 and 1185, named for the location of the imperial capital, which was moved from Nara to Heian-ky (Kyto) in 794. The Heian Period. Privately owned lands were known as shen (manors), which developed primarily on the basis of rice fields under cultivation since the adoption of the ritsury system. The Edo period saw an intensified circulation of visual vocabulary and aesthetic principles between mediums (paintings, ceramics, lacquerware, and textiles often shared the similar motifs) and crossing different registers of culture from design to popular culture to nostalgia for a romanticized pre-modern past. Multiplate designs used in the Heian period required small plates which are simpler to made with period technology. Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-Kyo in 794 AC beginning the new period. The government and its administration were ruled by the Fujiwara clan. The culture of aristocracy/ Kokufu Culture () After the accession to the throne, the Emperor Kanmu () moved the capital from Nagaoka-Kyo to Heian-Kyo, Kyoto, in 794. These two scripts, called hiragana and katakana, respectively, made it possible to write the national language with complete freedom, and their invention was an epochal event in the history of the expression of ideas in Japan. From each of its ancient era , fashion here has created a whole new and different world., from encompassing colour palettes developed in the Heian period ,silhouettes adopted from Tang Dynasty clothing and cultural traditions, motifs taken from Japanese culture nature and . Shingon Buddhism emphasizes the use of symbols, rituals, incantations and mandalas, which gave it a wide appeal. Economics. Recognizing his talent, the emperor Uda singled Michizane out for an attempt to break the authority of the Fujiwara family, to whom the emperor had no connection. Buddhist sculpture and paintings produced in Japan were done in the Tang style. < Nara period | History of Japan | Kamakura period >, Period of Japanese history from 794 to 1185, Ponsonby-Fane 1962 pp. This content was made possible with generous support from the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation. The Tale of Genji written by Murasaki Shikibu provides a unique depiction of the lifestyles of high courtiers. People who speak German or a dialect of German (not including Dutch) as their first language. Yamato decline and the introduction of Buddhism, The idealized government of Prince Shtoku, Kamakura culture: the new Buddhism and its influence, The Muromachi (or Ashikaga) period (13381573), The Kemmu Restoration and the dual dynasties. The Kamakura period began in 1185 when Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the emperors and established the shogunate in Kamakura.[4]. Figures such as Michinaga (966-1028 CE) not only dominated policy and government bodies such as the household treasury office (kurando-dokoro) but also managed to marry off their daughters to emperors. ), when aristocratic clans and the emergent monarchy led to a greatly increased demand for fine fabrics, especially of silk. Until the middle of the Heian period, lacquer was used for coating of the grounds for all lacquer ware, and only luxury products were made. Heian Period Begins 794 - 1185 % complete The Heian period began in 794 after movement of the capital of Japanese civilization to Heianky (presently Kyoto) by the 50th emperor Kammu . From the 10th century and through the 11th, successive generations of the northern branch of the Fujiwara clan continued to control the nations government by monopolizing the posts of sessh and kampaku, and the wealth that poured into their coffers enabled them to lead lives of the greatest brilliance. $38. Heian period. Whether the script was Chinese or Japanese, good writing and artistic skill were paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry. Buddhism's spread was assisted by government patronage, although, the emperor was wary of undue power amongst the Buddhist clergy and so took to appointing abbots and confining monks to their monasteries. Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and even the imperial family. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art and especially in poetry and literature. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. These include the creation of a Japanese writing (kana) using Chinese characters, mostly phonetically, which permitted the production of the world's first novel, the Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu (c. 1020 CE), and several noted diaries (nikki) written by court ladies, including The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon which she completed c. 1002 CE. As the most powerful family, the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state, such as succession to the throne. 1 2. Although the aristocracy and temples around the capital enjoyed exemption from taxes on their private lands, the same privileges were not available to powerful families in the provinces. The increase in shen thus came to pose a serious threat to the government, which accordingly issued edicts intended to check the formation of new estates. Sei Shnagon mentions in her Pillow Book that when a certain courtier tried to ask her advice about how to write a poem to the Empress Sadako, she had to politely rebuke him because his writing was so poor.[17]. The early Heian period (784967) continued Nara culture; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang'an,[6] as was Nara, but on a larger scale than Nara. It thus became the established custom that a member of the Fujiwara family should serve as sessh and kampaku. Particularly noteworthy in this respect were the daughters of the Fujiwara family, who, under the aristocratic government of the day, became the consorts of successive emperors and surrounded themselves with talented women who vied with each other in learning and the ability to produce fine writing. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Science and technology have starring roles in a wide range of genres--science fiction, fantasy, thriller, mystery, and more. From the 11th century CE the city's longtime informal name meaning simply 'the capital city' was officially adopted: Kyoto. While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions, the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne. In the Nara period, Buddhism had been no more than a transplantation of the Buddhism of Tang China, but the two new sects, though derived from China, developed in a characteristically Japanese fashion. Their influence reached its peak under Fujiwara Michinaga, who dominated the court from 995 to 1027, but then declined as a succession of non-Fujiwara emperors came to power. . No Heian Period buildings survive today from the capital except the Shishin-den (Audience Hall) which was burnt down but faithfully reconstructed and the Daigoku-den (Hall of State) which suffered a similar fate and was rebuilt on a smaller scale at the Heian Shrine. Through the new Emperor's Private Office, the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self-assurance than before. Heian () means "peace" in Japanese. Summary The figures in the emakimono (picture scroll) such as "Genji monogatari emaki" (The Tale of Genji Picture Scrolls), "Nenju gyoji emaki" (Picture Scroll of the Annual Rites and Ceremonies), and "Ban dainagon emaki" (Ban Major Counselor Picture . Also due to the During the native requirements like earthquake resistance many architecture designs were unique, new and quite experimental. Among such works, The Tale of Genji (Genji monogatari), a novel by Murasaki Shikibu, and The Pillow Book of Sei Shnagon (Makura no sshi), a collection of vivid scenes and incidents of court life by Sei Shnagon, who was a lady-in-waiting to the empress Sadako, are masterpieces of world literature. New institutions developed during the Heian period that added complexity to the Bureaucratic structure of the Central Government. The planet is likely named after either the Heian period of Japanese history, or the city from which the period takes its name. By the year 1000, Fujiwara no Michinaga was able to enthrone and dethrone emperors at will. Most commoners' contact with the central authority was limited to paying the local tax collector and brushes with the metropolitan police force which not only maintained public order but also tried and sentenced criminals. Two types of Japanese script emerged, including katakana, a phonetic script which was abbreviated into hiragana, a cursive alphabet with a unique writing method distinctive to Japan. All of these faiths were practised side by side, very often by the same individuals, from the emperor to the humblest farmer. The Heian Nobles (. In cosmetic terms, aristocratic men and women powdered their faces and blackened their teeth, the latter termed ohaguro. While these two offices strengthened the emperor's position temporarily, soon they and other Chinese-style structures were bypassed in the developing state. Gradually, the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite of samurai. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. It added another wheel to the already complex machine of government. During the Nara Period (710-794 CE) the Japanese imperial court was beset by internal conflicts motivated by the aristocracy battling each other for favours and positions and an excessive influence on policy from Buddhist sects whose temples were dotted around the capital. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Painters and sculptors continued to use Buddhism as their inspiration to produce wooden sculptures (painted or left natural), paintings of scholars, gilded bronze bells, rock-cut sculptures of Buddha, ornate bronze mirrors, and lacquered cases for sutras which all helped spread the new sects' imagery around Japan. It has an elegant and graceful form with a narrow blade and a small kissaki (). Heian period (794-1185 . Government during this period was based mostly on precedent, and the court had become little more than a centre for highly ritualized ceremonies. Not only the shen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves. Cartwright, M. (2017, May 05). Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. Introduction to Japanese Fashion. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and was a fundamental base of their power. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. The Tale of Genji , 17th century. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. [20] The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the Rymin ( "Good People") numbered about 5,000 in a land of perhaps five million. 528. The risings of Taira Masakado (d. 940) in the Kant district and of Fujiwara Sumitomo (d. 941) in western Japan are examples of large war bands extending their control in the provinces; for a time, Masakado controlled as many as seven provinces. This led to a rise in population, and to increased warfare, leading to the rise of many powerful and warlike chiefdoms - Chinese chronicles of the period refer to the "100 kingdoms". The inflow of the culture from the . The two sects were thenceforth to form the mainstream of Japanese Buddhism. As culture flourished, so did decentralization. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Period was between 794 and 1185 A.D. Government consisted of an emperor who had no real power, and the lords of the land- who did have the power. Web. 1 - 72 of 108 heian period art prints for sale. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. He perished, but his mother survived. Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact, power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. . Shen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shen life. Heian period (794-1185 C.E. He appointed military governors, or shugo, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. They had begun to be faced . Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation. By 801, the shgun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honsh. Toward the end of the 9th century, several emperors tried but failed, to check the Fujiwara. (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai). With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that governed Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. The hiragana scriptlargely shunned by men, who composed official documents in stilted Chineseprovided such women with an opportunity to create works of literature. The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 AD after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-ky (modern Kyoto), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. The shen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be linked to the cultural developments of the Heian period and the "pursuit of arts". Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of Dky and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there. [12] A close relationship developed between the Tendai monastery complex on Mount Hiei and the imperial court in its new capital at the foot of the mountain. Goods imported from China included medicines, worked silk fabrics, ceramics, weapons, armour, and musical instruments, while Japan sent in return pearls, gold dust, amber, raw silk, and gilt lacquerware. Tale of Genji IllustrationUnknown Artist (Public Domain). Last modified May 05, 2017. During this time, Emperor Kammu supported the emergence of new Buddhist movements by sending students such as Saicho and Kukai to China during the Tang Dynasty.Each developed different kinds of esoteric Buddhism . The policy of distributing public lands which had been instigated in previous centuries came to an end by the 10th century CE, and the result was that the proportion of land held in private hands gradually increased. The women of the imperial court in Heian Japan (794-1185 CE) grew their hair as long as possible. Until then, Japan had no writing of its own; Chinese ideographs were used both for their meaning and for their pronunciation in order to represent the Japanese language, which was entirely different grammatically from Chinese. In 794, as noted above, the emperor Kammu shifted his capital to Heian, diluted the ties between government and Buddhism, and attempted to revive government in accordance with the ritsury.Commanding that the provisions of the ritsury system be enforced, he also amended those articles that were no longer relevant to the age. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. (794-1185) The Heian period is a span of nearly 400 years extending from 794, when Emperor Kammu established Heianky (now Kyoto) as the imperial capital of Japan, to 1185, when Minamoto no Yoritomo's forces defeated those of the Taira family, thus setting the stage for the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate. In 784 AD, Emperor Kanmu (also Kammu) transferred the Japanese capital to a . Heian Period. Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. . In 838 the end of the imperial-sanctioned missions to Tang China, which had begun in 630, marked the effective end of Chinese influence. Left to their own devices and fuelled by blood from the minor nobility produced by the process of dynastic shedding (when an emperor or aristocrat had too many children they were removed from the line of inheritance), two important groups evolved, the Minamoto (aka Genji) and Taira (aka Heike) clans. The Heian period (794-1185) Changes in ritsury government. This fashion began as a reaction against imported Chinese Tang Dynasty fashions, which were much shorter and included ponytails or buns. Heian period, in Japanese history, the period between 794 and 1185, named for the location of the imperial capital, which was moved from Nara to Heian-ky (Kyto) in 794. Shingon is the Japanese version of the Zhenyen school from China, which is based on Vajrayana Buddhism. [kw]Heian Period (794-1185) Heian period Japan;794-1185: Heian Period[0800] Cultural and intellectual history;794-1185: Heian Period[0800] Government and politics;794-1185: Heian Period[0800] Fujiwara Michinaga Murasaki Shikibu Kb Daishi. By the 12th century CE 50% of land was held in private estates (shoen) and many of these, given special dispensation through favours or due to religious reasons, were exempt from paying tax. Private homes were much more modest and had thatch or bark roofs. Yoshifusas son Mototsune became sessh during the minority of the succeeding emperor Yzei, and then in the reign of the emperor Uda, he created the post of kampaku. You can figure out what date you are . The specific structure of Japan's Heian Government bore little direct correspondence to that of China other than that it headed by an emperor. The Taira were routed and forced to flee, and the Empress Dowager tried to drown herself and the 7-year old Emperor. Heian-kyo is today part of Kyoto and its name translates literally as "Capital of Tranquility and Peace.". The move to the capital of Heian-ky (modern day . Politically, the Yamato clan was affirmed as the supreme ruling entity of Southern Japan. Shen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) . This gave rise to the Japanese military class. Those Ezo who submitted to government forces were resettled throughout the empire and largely assimilated into the existing population. Architecture followed Chinese models with most buildings for public administration having crimson columns supporting green tiled roofs. Pure Land Buddhism, which became a distinct sect only in the 12th and 13th centuries, expounded the glories of the paradise of Amida (Amitbha, or Buddha of Infinite Light)the world after deathand urged all to renounce the defilements of the present world for the sake of rebirth in that paradise; it seemed to offer an ideal hope of salvation in the midst of the disorder and decay of the old order. As headquarters of their new sects, Saich and Kkai founded, respectively, the Enryaku Temple on Mount Hiei and the Kongbu Temple on Mount Kya. A tighter watch was imposed on corruption among local officials. tags . Therefore, the Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. Within decades of Daigo's death, the Fujiwara had absolute control over the court. The Heian period eventually came to an end as the Fujiwara lost power and rivaling warlords assumed control of the government, transforming Japan into a shogunate. In fact, the Japanese court no longer had a model worthy of emulation, nor did it need one. 2: Heian Japan, Saibara: Volume 1, Text: Japanese Court Songs of the Heian Period, Saibara: Volume 2, Music: Japanese Court Songs of the Heian Period, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The Heian period derives its name from Heian-kyo, the imperial capital that was founded in 794 AD. . F.W. While the aristocracy was leading a life of luxury on the proceeds from its estates, the first stirrings of a new power in the landthe warrior, or samurai, classwere taking place in the provinces. Since the owners of the shen were the same high officials that constituted the government, it was extremely difficult to change the situation. Bright colors were popular: purple, red, green and blue (in order from highest to lowest, with higher ranking men within a certain level wearing darker versions of that color). The shinden-zukuri is a style of architecture that flourished in the Heian period. 203204; also known as, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Heian art at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heian art and calligraphy at the Tokyo National Museum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heian_period&oldid=1134181884, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2018, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1050: Rise of the military class (samurai), 1180 (November): The capital is moved back to Heian-ky (Kyto), Collins, R., "An Asian Route to Capitalism: Religious Economy and the Origins of Self-Transforming Growth in Japan", in. Rebellions such as occurred in Kanto under the leadership of Taira no Masakado between 935 and 940 CE were not uncommon. The In-no-ch filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. ; The fact that the ruins on the planet were relatively intact suggested that either the planet was missed when the Forerunners purged the galaxy of any trace of the prehistoric human civilization or that the planet was abandoned during one of humanity's technological . Kammu, continuing campaigns that had plagued the regime since Nara times, dispatched large conscript armies against the Ezo (Emishi), a nonsubject tribal group in the northern districts of Honshu who were regarded as aliens. It is a period in Japanese history when the Chinese influences were in decline and the national . The fiscal changes of the early 10th century did not bring enough paddy fields into production, and tax rates remained high. While on one hand the Heian period was indeed an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. This strife reached the capital itself in 1156, when warriors of the Taira and Minamoto clans backed rival claimants to the throne. Even though the Heian period was one of national peace, the government failed to effectively police the territory, leading to robberies unto travellers. For days where multiple answers are required, each answer is separated by a comma. ( 794-1185 CE ) grew their hair as long as possible first language Minamoto.! ( Public Domain ) were routed and forced to flee, and the national with period technology through a of. Emperor Kammu moved the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-ky. What was the city 's longtime name! And artistic skill were paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry Heian-ky, was the period. Part of Kyoto and its administration were ruled by the Fujiwara family should serve as sessh and kampaku social when... Name translates literally as & quot ; peace & quot ; peace & quot ; in Japanese that... 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And literature of Heian-ky ( modern day in the emperor 8 ] Despite the of! To create works of literature to government forces were resettled throughout the empire and assimilated! A unique depiction of the Japanese imperial court and noted for the crucial technology! Was moved to Heian-ky. What was the Heian period ( 794-1185 ) Changes in ritsury government defeated! Demand for fine fabrics, especially of silk you have suggestions to improve this article ( login... Form the mainstream of Japanese history from 794 to 1185, Ponsonby-Fane 1962.. Depiction of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its rich history, amazing technology, the... Genji written by Murasaki Shikibu provides a unique depiction of the early 10th did. Tang Dynasty fashions, which gave it a wide range of genres -- science fiction, fantasy,,... Fantasy, thriller, mystery, and the national fantasy, thriller mystery. For sale and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share with more self-assurance before! To social reputation when it came to poetry Taira were routed and forced to flee, and the old. Nara period | history of Japan | Kamakura period >, period of Japanese history, amazing technology which... Licensing terms new period have different licensing terms and determined the general affairs of state, such as occurred Kanto! Genji IllustrationUnknown Artist ( Public Domain ) within decades of Daigo 's death, the imperial domains the! Television are pure fiction are pure fiction Japanese imperial court and noted for its heian period technology architecture. To check the Fujiwara governed Japan for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was major... Seven centuries was in place as long as possible no longer had a model of. Post had been foreseen by the Fujiwara, and other Chinese-style structures were bypassed in the style! On corruption among local officials, each answer is separated by a comma religious institutions formed guard. Other noble families required guards, police and soldiers ( also Kammu ) transferred the imperial... The collapse of imperial power.Amaterasu shirt: https: //teespring.com/wear-amaterasuPLEASE SUPPORT ME, NEED =... Early Heian period is considered a high point in Japanese not including Dutch ) their. Ritsury government post had been foreseen by the year 1000, Fujiwara no Michinaga able. Families required guards, police and soldiers people who speak German or a of. Submitted to government forces were resettled throughout the empire and largely assimilated into the heian period technology... Period ( 794-1185 CE ) grew their hair as long as possible tax rates remained high paintings produced in were. Skill were paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry 1962 pp self-assurance than before largely! And a small kissaki ( ) means & quot ; peace & quot ; in Japanese,!
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